div-Wua-eUb-dka-jtuld
  

jfiga jfiga

wNa-Lfn: tYs-Ek-Ebk, jjV-Lfn: lka-FPgs jjEb-jSpga


xp-VK-Lrnf-rtkn-jjDhA

FY-tis-jxif-jtulf-wkc


xp-ePgs-xK-rif-eK-Fia-jdpf-wyJa-Ga-Rbks-dkn-wls-Woa-jRok jCPs-jjxba-cbk-qcd-jRok-vmg-ek-xkf-jvPgs-jria-qcd-xia-dm-Skx. jxugl-jc-tk-xp-jEuJl-qK-nkf-jwoJk-eUb-jtulf jjtK-qK-nk-nkx-DI-Rhkn-qcd-jRok FY-tis-jxif-jtulf-wkc-wls-qcd-jRok-FK-Smg-eUh-Wua.

RUv-Eos-ep-rxkd-dhNs-Ga-RUv-apJ jjxba-jEuJl-FY-tPa-Ep jjla-jjDMd (Áîôèòáø âáãôåòéá) qcd-xia-xp-wK-rakf-ahln-rtkn jEPgs-qcd-jRok-vmg-ek-xkf-jvPgs-jria-Hfh-fhcn-Sk-jVogk. Chk-jlok-qcd-xia 80 LS xk-RNs-dia-jVia-jjCc FK-nkc 1 xx jDogk-aiJa. jjSb-qcd-xia-ek-xkf-whk-jFoJk-Hfh.

jxif-jtulf-wkc-ek-xkf-FI-jjad jjtK-Riv-RUh-Wckx-jVia-lia-SK-tkn-wls-jEuJl-FY-tPa-Ep-Hfh. figs-aiJa, jxif-jtulf-wkc-Fygs-fUf-dua-jlok-jEuJl-FY-tPa-Ep jqugl-vmg-Grh-xia-DI-Rhkn-Woa-jRok.

RUv-apJ-Cud-Cbkn-fhcn-dhls-FY-tK-Dif-qP-jef jEPgs-jRif-Grh-aid-cP-DK-nk-ekf-ek-xkf-jvPgs-jria-ePgs-ahlnA-Hfh.

ahln-jjDhA

jd-ela-Fkd-SoJa-quf

quf-rtkn-EK-aPf dmg-Wu-eif-rtkn-EK-aPf dka-euv-qia jjxba-FI-jVia-Shls-xp-jqf-QUh jjtK jqf-jjxb. Ga-RUv-apJ-jjxba-tK-lls-jd-ela jEPgs-via-FY-aO-jEuJl-Fkd-SoJa-jqf-QUh.

jd-ela Whkn-Wu-jjVhs jjSb-tK-jxif-xp-Wckx-dchks 1/100–1/1000 xx. RUv-apJ-Cud-Cbkn-fhcn dhls-FY-tK-Dif-qP-jef Fygs-jRif-Grh-qcd-jRok-ek-xkf-jria-tkn-tK-lNf-Hfh.

vks-jDugl-ekn-tox-Hfh-qif-qk-jlok-tK-lls-jd-ela-Fkd-fld-Hxh-jqf-QUh-xk-Sod-Geb-fld-Hxh-jqf-jjxb jEPgs-Smg-xk-jRif-Grh-dkn-jVia-jxif-qia. jjxs-jQ{s-dmg-ek-xkf-aI-eogs-jd-ela-Hfh. jjxs-jQ{s-vPa-HV-Slx-fld-Hxh jqugl-jdiv-jlok-aO-rcka-xk-jRif-aO-jQ{s. jxugl-jc-tk-Dpg-xia-Fiv-BUb-Skx-fld-Hxh jd-ela-dmg-FK-SPf-Skx-wk-wls-xia-rtis-Fkd-aiJa jxugl-xia-vPa-HV-Fiv-fld-luga-jd-ela-dmg-FK-HV-SPf-Geb-fld-luga-aI.

lia-SK-tkn-rtkn

ek-jrf-dka-jen-ekn-Sk

jjxba-jjSb-ePgs-Dpg-jRok-jvPgs-vmg-jria-dmg-ek-xkf-DI-Rhkn-qcd-jRok-Hfh. RUv-apJ Wu-div-RUv-BUb-rahk-Dpg-Qbka-xk xia-Cud-Cbkn-Lfn-dhls-FY-tK-Dif-WYa-aK-qkv-eUs. Ga-qkv-Cbkn-jjxba-jjxs-Hxh-Dpg-jlpJa-dia-cbk jjxs-cia-fI.

ebca-Dpg-xp-ep-jjfs-Skx-racf-jjxba-jEuJl-FY-tK-Epv-Dpg-lk-He-Ga-jjxs-cia. xia-ahln-rtkn-Dpg-FK-ek-xkf-jvPgs-jria-Hfh-fhcn-Sk-jVogk. jjSb-jxugl-xia-Hfh-jwoJk-Rbks-dkn-wls-xK-aYf xia-FK-jRif-Grh-Sk-vlf-Hfh. VK-xka-ekx-jjea Woa-Hfh-eUa-jen-Wckx-ek-xkf-Ga-dka-jvPgs nhla-jEuJl-Ltd-ahlnA-apJ xk-jjthc.

jjVd-VK-rtkf-rtkn

xis-dla-DK-jt

Vk-VK-rtkf-apJ-Cud-jlpJa-cbk Vk-xis-dla-DK-jt xia-lk-He-BUb-Skx-xK-rk-eK-rxYf Gdh-DK-cpv lof-eK-STk-tp. dka-qks-Soc-jjvv-jjVdA-dmg-Wu-jRif-Grh-Soc-jls-Wu-div-Gv-Hxh jEPgs-Ebcn-Grh-xia-tpJ-BUb-Skx-HW-DK-jt-Hfh-fp jxugl-xia-Cud-tbk-fhcn-eif-LS-luga.

jwf-rakc-Fif

rxp-wkc

woJc-Ltd-jraul-Cud-Vod-WYx-fhcn-aO jjtK-xp-aO-dhla-Llv-jDPs-rahk-aO. jRul-fI-aO-tI-apJ-Hfh-vY-Qbka-aO-dhla-jjthc-Lqb-wyJa-eUb-rahk-aO vm-tP-jca-rbks-Fkd-woJc-Ltd-jraul-xk 450 dx. rxp-wkc-vmg-RUh-Fid-cif-CY-jjVd-VK-rtkf-apJ xia-GEh-jc-tk-jVia 2 Eogc-Lxs jqugl-Eld-RUh-cbk-jjxba-rnis-dia-jjDh.

jBia-jjDhA

qU-jwok-aO-dhla

jc-tk-Dpg-rP-xK-Sod-Geb-jwf-rakc-jEiga DK-cpv-lis-Skd-SPd rP-xK-FK-WblnA-dmg-Soc-jVia-aO-dhla-rak-rtknA-EiJa. vks-jDugl vks-ebca-wls-aO-dhla-jjSd jjtK-Sod-tos-Ga-DK-jt jjthc-dmg-Soc-jVia-qU-jwok-aO-dhla. qU-jwok-aO-dhla-ek-xkf-tln-Skx-QPc-aO-Hfh-Hd-rtkn dbla-FK-Cud-tK-tkn-HV. ebca-aO-dhla-Dpg-BUb-Gdh-rahk-aO Cud-WuJa-jEkK-Geb jjtK-FK-tK-tkn-dbla. qU-jwok-aO-dhla-rabcn-apJ-Cud-WuJa-aO-jEkK-Grh-jVia-RU jjtK-dkn-jVia-RUv-Eos-Wu-woc.

jtPd-jjDhA

jRul-dI-Viga “HD-Dk-aPd”

Vp 1912 dI-Viga-tI-raygs-Hfh-jtpgx-lld-jfpa-Dks Fkd lis-dPf-HV lk-jx-TP-dk qhlx-QUh-Lfn-eka 2,240 Woa. xia-jjxba-dI-Viga-Dpg-Grnb-Dpg-eYf-Ga-via-fk-dI-Viga-EK-aPf-fNc-dia-Dpg-jWpn-xp-xk. xia-xp-Eug-cbk “HD-Dk-aPd”

BUb-qkn-Ga-jRul-dI-Viga-Hfh-jjvbs-lld-jVia-rtkn-rhls-Grnb. jCPs-FK-xp-aO-DK-tY-jwoJk-rhls-raygs xia-dmg-vmg-ek-xkf-jwoJk-HV-rhls-luga-Hfh. jCPs-cbk 4 rhls-Grnb-figs-dbkc-FK-xp-RU-Grh-aO-jwoJk jjSb-dI-Viga-dmg-vmg-xp-Dks-Fox-Hfh. nhla-jrf-apJ-Fygs-jRif-Grh-Woa-Hch-GF WPf-cbk-dI-Viga-tI-apJ-FK-vmg-xp-xuJ-rtoJx.

jjSb-QUh-via-Ek-dI-Viga-VK-rxkf. wK-aK-Dpg-tkc-aI-xia-whkx-xK-rk-eK-rxYf-lif-tis-SPd-jraul xia-HV-SI-qU-jwok-aO-dhla jRif-Grh-whks-dI-Viga-Fpd-jVia-RU, aO-Hfh-Hrt-jwoJk-Chcx 5 rhls-Grnb jjthc-xia-dmg-Fox-tos-Ga-Dpg-eYf. Le-WK-akf-SK-dI-WiJs-aiJa-jRif-Grh 1,517 Woa-Shls-Fov-Ep-cPf-tos-qhlx-div-jRul.

Ga-Vp 1985 jRul-fI-aO-tI-raygs-Hfh-qov dI-Viga-HD-Dk-aPd jEPgs-BUb-jtPd 4 dP-Lt-jjxif GSh-quJa-xK-rk-eK-rxYf jjtK-Hfh-Cbkn-qkv-apJ-Hch. qkn-rtis-xk-Hfh-xp-dka-ehks-rais-Dpg-xp-Eug-eNs-els-jtugls-dbNc-div-dI-Viga-tI-apJ.

Rhla-jjDhA

tk-ck

lYa-rK-qUx-GSh-quJa-QPc-wls-rabcn-Ltd-eUs-rtkn. xia-Rhla-qm-Dpg-FK-tK-tkn-dhla-rpa-Hfh. vks-jDugl dhla-rpa-Dpg-Cud-tK-tkn tK-jvpf-lld-Skx-RU rtu Rln-jjSd-voa-QPc-Ltd jEPgs-jqPga-jlpJa-cbk tk-ck. lYa-rK-qUx-wls-tk-ck xp-Wckx-Rhla-jCPs 700°ã – 1200°ã (100°ã jjxba-tK-fiv-Wckx-Rhla-Dpg-ek-xkf-jRif-Grh-aO-zof-Hfh.)

tk-ck-Ga-RUv-apJ-qYbs-wyJa-Fkd-jdkK-qU-jwok-Hz-jjrbs-raygs-Ga-xK-rk-eK-rxYf-Vk-Ep-zPd. xia-qYbs-wyJa-eUs-VK-xka 10 jjxif.

Rhla-rtkn

vmg-aO-Rhla

nis-xp-vks-vbla-Ga-Ltd-Dpg-xp-aO-Rhla-qY-wyJa-Skx-QPc-Ltd jjDa-Dpg-FK-jjxba-tk-ck. RUv-apJ Cbkn-Fkd-lk-dkf jDPs-vmg-aO-Rhla-lY-DP-nka-rpa-ep-jrtuls VK-jDf-lk-jx-TP-dk. aO-ep-zhk-Dpg-jria-xp-Wckx-Rhla-xK-rk-eka Chk-jFoJk-Sod-tos-Ga-aiJa-jFoJk-dmg-FK-Skn. BUb-tYbx-jvuJls-wck-wls-RUv-xp-qkv-roa-Dks-Dpg-Woa-DNc-Hfh. xp-FY-tPa-Ep-vks-EK-aPf ek-xkf-xp-Ep-cPf-BUb-Ga-aO-Dpg-Rhla-jjvv-apJ-Hfh jjtK-ep-Dpg-jjFhs-Ga-aiJa jjxba-jdpf-Fkd FY-tPa-Ep-jrtogk-aiJa-jls.

jdogk-jjdb-Dpg-eYf

qp-TK-xPf

qp-TK-xPf-jrtogk-apJ-SiJs-BUb-VK-jDf-lp-BPv. qcd-xia-xp-lk-nY-rtkn-dcbk 4,500 Vp. Ekc-lp-BPv-ehks-qp-TK-xPf-jrtogk-apJ-wyJa jqugl-jVia-vbla-Zis-eov-wls-jFoJk-Ep-cPf jjtK-qK-tk-Ep-ap. jVia-jc-tk-jdulv 4,000 Vp Dpg-qcd-xia-jWpn-jVia-ePgs-VYd-ehks-Fkd-ep-xu-xK-aYf Dpg-eUs-Dpg-eYf-Ga-Ltd.

Hc-jjDhA

Hcdcbk-eNs

RUv-qkv-apJ-Cbkn-Ga-wK-aK-Dpg-jRul-vPa-dI-tis-vPa-fhcn-Wckx-Hc Dpg-Hcdcbk-eNs.

eNs-jWugla-Dpg-Qbka-lk-dkf-fhcn-Wckx-Hc-VK-xka1,200 dx Smg-Eogc-Lxs xia-jWugla-Soc-Ga-RUv-jjvv-wls-WuJa WhknA-div-WuJa-aO-Dpg-jdpf-wyJa-jc-tk-jRok-Lna-dhla-rpa-tos-Ga-rals-aO.

jxugl-jRul-vPa vPa-Hc-jDogk-div-tK-fiv-wls-WuJa-eNs xia-FK-jdpf-xp-eNs “vUx”. Wckx-fia-lk-dkf-tof-tos-Bbks-dK-Dia-ria jjtK-aO-Dpg-BUb-Ga-lk-dkf-dmg-dkn-jVia-Blf-aO-ahlnA-Dia-Dp jjthc-dmg-LS-jVia-jZuJl-lhlx-Rlv-jRul-vPa.

jjVd-Sk-jjDhA

RUv-tcs-Sk

eis-jdf-jvPgs-RUv-epg-jjF-els-lia-Dpg-BUb-Ga-RUv-apJ Bbks-tK-lNf. tK-rcbks-RUv-epg-jjF-Dpg-rxkn-jtd 1 jjtK-RUv-epg-jjF-Dpg-rxkn-jtd 2 RUv-Gf-xp-ep-jwiJx-dcbk?

DYdA-Woa-jcoJk-cbk jtd 1 xp-ep-jwiJx-dcbk. jjSb-Wckx-FPs-jjthc-qcd-xia-xp-ep-fNc-dia.

xia-vmg-jVia-Sk-jEugl-jjSb-xia-jVia-Wckx-FPs. Chk-dogs-rahk-jFhn-apJ Foa-jjwv-ep-jDok-BUb-rahk-Dp 23 jvuJls-wck-HV-FY-Geb-RUv-epg-jjF Dis-rxkn-jtd 1 jjtK 2 FK-jria-cbk qcd-xia-xp-ep-fNc-dia-lhln-Shln.

jxugl-jc-tk-jRok-jvPgs-ePgs-wls-Gf-raygs-jjes-FK-jwoJk-Ga-Sk-jRok. Fkd-aiJa eK-rxls-FK-Ebcn-Grh-jwoJk-GF rtu Sp-Wckx-rxkn ePgs-Dpg-jRok-jria-aiJa. ebca-rtkn-eK-rxls-jRif-cNd-Cud-Shls jjSb-vks-jDugl-xia-dmg-QPf-qkf-Hfh.

Wu-figs-Ga-RUv-apJ eK-rxls-qcd-jRok-vld-cbk “RUv-jjQba-apJ xp-ep-Fks jjtK ep-jwiJx. RUv-epg-jjF-Dpg-xp-ep-Fks dmg-Fks-Wu-dia-rxof jjtK-RUv-epg-jjF-Dpg-xp-ep-jwiJx dmg-jwiJx-Wu-dia-rxof. RUv-epg-jjF-vks-RUv-BUb-FYf-dks-wls-dK-fka-jvPgs-Wu-jwiJx-dcbk nhla-cbk-qcd-xia-Cud-jsok Fkd-jeok-SiJs-ep-wNc.”

jVia-Sk-Bkd-roc

wNf-SK-Vkf lof-eK-STk-tp

wNf-VK-jqf-apJ-xp-BUb lof-eK-STk-tp jjtK-jjxba-eif-thNs-Dpg-jVia-Dpg-aP-nox nhla-xia-xp-RUv-Rbks-rahk-Sk-Dpg-SK-rtod-fp.

Dis-dov jjtK-wNf-xp-Vlf jjSb-qcd-xia-qif-Riv Dkf-lod-Ep-jjEa-Qbka-QPc-rais. qcd-xia-ek-xkf-jRif-jjac-aiJa-Hfh-dmg-Smg-jxugl-QPc-rais-xp-Wckx-EYbx-Euga figs-aiJa-xia-Fygs-Shls-lk-He-BUb-Gdh-div-aO.

skx-Dpg-eYf

fcs-fkc-Dpg-dI-tis-jdpf

Woa-jRok-jdpf jjthc-dm-Skn. fcs-fkc-dmg-jdpf jjthc-dmg-Skn-jEiga-dia. jjSb-fcs-fkc-ek-xkf-BUb-jVia-rtkn-qia-thka-Vp-dbla-FK-Skn-HV.

fkc-fcs-Grxb-rtknA-fcs-dI-tis-jdpf-wyJa-Ga-xbka-jxd-lkn-dkeapJ jEPgs-xia-BUb-rbks-Hd-Fkd-qcd-jRok-rtkn. BUb-Dks-rtis-xia jRok-ek-xkf-jria-fkc-fcs-lugaA jjtK rxUb-fcs-fkc (çáìáøù) Dpg-BUb-Hd-lld-HV-lpd.

Hd-jjea-Hd

rxUb-fcs-fkc

xK-aYf-lk-He-BUb-voa-Ltd-rabcn-apJ-vmg-eK-rxX-eK-jrxp. qcd-jRok-BUb-jVia-dYbx-dhla-Dpg-jlpJa-cbk-vhka jjtK-jxuls.

fcs-fkc-Ga-Fid-dK-cka dmg-BUb-vmg-eK-rxX-eK-jrxp-jEiga-dia. qcd-xia-BUb-jVia-dYbx-dhla jEPgs-Cud-jlpJa-cbk rxUb-fcs-fkc.

jjSb-cbk-rxUb-fcs-fkc-raygs-Grnb-dcbk-vhka-rtknA-jDogk. rxUb-fcs-fkc-lkf-xp-fkc-rtknA-qia-thka-fcs. vmg-xp-vhka-Gf-Grnb-jDogk-apJ! Ga-Ltd-xp-Woa-qNs-jjSb 7 qia-thka-jDogk-aiJa.

rxUb-fcs-fkc-apJ-xp-tid-eK-aK-jVia-xhcaA. xia-BUb-Hd-rtkn. jjes-eK-rcbks-Fkd-fcs-fkc-jrtogk-apJ-Shls-GEh-jc-tk-aka-jCPs 23 thka-Vp-Fygs-FK-xk-Rlf-qcd-jRok.

jfiga-rtkn

tUd-dox-ep-zhk

jDugl-eYf-Dhkn-Dpg-xK-aYf-wyJa-jDPs-fcs-Fia fhcn-nka-lk-cK-dkf jjxba-Vp 1972. tK-rcbks-Dpg-vPa-wyJa jwok-jFoJk Hfh-Cbkn-RUv-apJ. BUb-dks-RUv-apJ jjxba-Sla-GSh-wls-DK-cpv-lk-zTP-dk. ep-wkc-Dpg-jVia-xhcaA-jjxba jZuJl. Wu-dia-div-aid-vPa-lk-cK-dkf-Dpg-BUb-Ga-nka-lk-cK-dkf. qcd-jRok-dmg-jjxba-QUh-Lfn-eka-Dpg-lk-He-BUb-jDPs-Ltd-rabcn-apJ. qcd-jRok-Shls-Ebcn-dia-Rid-ek Ltd-rabcn-apJ jjtK Geb-GF-jEPgs-dia jjtK-dia.